As classified in WFO snapshot
June 2022
Warning: older classification
genus
Centaurea
This genus name was first published in Sp. Pl. : 909 (1753)
At the time of this classification snapshot, this genus name was accepted by WFO (placed as the accepted name of a taxon). Its description and other taxonomic data can be found on World Flora Online, id: wfo-4000007161.
Literature
Synonyms of Centaurea
Name | Author | Protologue | Nomenclator | WFO link |
---|---|---|---|---|
Centaurea triumfettii var. triumfettii | – | – | — | wfo-0000051762 |
Centaurea missionis | Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 451 (1910) | wfo-0000052440 | ||
Centaurea triumfettii f. triumfettii | – | – | — | wfo-0000057897 |
Cyanus triumfettii subsp. triumfettii | – | – | — | wfo-0000085801 |
Centaurea variegata var. decurrentifolia | – | — | wfo-0000103640 | |
Centaurea triumfettii subsp. variegata | – | — | wfo-0000106732 | |
Carbeni | Fam. Pl. 2: 116, 532 (1763) | wfo-4000006654 | ||
Cnicus | Sp. Pl. : 826 (1753) | wfo-4000008696 | ||
Cyanus | Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. : s.p. (1754) | wfo-4000010174 | ||
Hierapicra | Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 346 (1891) | wfo-4000017889 | ||
Phrygia | Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. ii. 441 (1821) | wfo-4000029342 | ||
Rhacoma | Fam. Pl. 2: 117 (1763) | wfo-4000032844 | ||
Rhaponticum | Inst. Reg. Veg. , ed. 2, 123 (1757) | wfo-4000032914 |
Species in Centaurea ( ${pageIsLoading?'loading':'showing'} species ${currentlyShowingRangeFirst} to ${currentlyShowingRangeLast} of ${ totalPartsCount })
Name | Author | Protologue | Nomenclator | WFO link |
---|---|---|---|---|
— | ${taxonConcept.hasName.id} | |||
— — | ${synonym.id} |
Unplaced Names
These names are not yet placed in the taxonomy, but may be associated with Centaurea:
Name | Author | Protologue | Nomenclator | WFO link |
---|---|---|---|---|
Centaurea abdelkaridi | Pl. d'Esp. No. 8834. | wfo-0000019584 | ||
Centaurea adamovicii | Fl. Bulg. Suppl. 1: 173. | wfo-0000050535 | ||
Centaurea adscendens | Prodán, Centaur. Român. 1930. 65 1930 | — | wfo-0000085557 | |
Centaurea adscendens | – | — | wfo-0000040214 | |
Centaurea aemula | Fl. Sicul. 2(1): 147 (1903) | wfo-0000131628 | ||
Centaurea affinis subsp. peloponesiaca | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 196 (1976) | wfo-0000112602 | ||
Centaurea affinis subsp. serbica | Centaur. Român. 137. 1930 | wfo-0000106400 | ||
Centaurea aintabica | Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 20 (1917) | wfo-0000077878 | ||
Centaurea akroteriensis | – | — | wfo-0001443361 | |
Centaurea albiflora | Linnaea 24: 430 (1851) | wfo-0000099170 | ||
Centaurea algeriensis | Notes Pl. Crit. : 136 | wfo-0000078376 | ||
Centaurea altaica | Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 1: 59 (1813) | wfo-0000039640 | ||
Centaurea amani | J. Linn. Soc., Bot. xxiv. (1888) 434; et in Bull. | wfo-0000131718 | ||
Centaurea apiculata subsp. spinulosa | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 196 (1976) | wfo-0000112836 | ||
Centaurea argophylla | Nomencl. Bot. : 173 (1821) | wfo-0000070151 | ||
Centaurea argyrocephala | Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 240 (1892) | wfo-0000063699 | ||
Centaurea aterrima | Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 70: 731 (1901) | wfo-0000072597 | ||
Centaurea axillaris var. nana | Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol. : 447 (1831) | wfo-0000083355 | ||
Centaurea aznatinensis | Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona xii. 468 (1929). | wfo-0000042956 | ||
Centaurea badensis | Arch. Gewächsk. i. 28 | wfo-0000128235 | ||
Centaurea banatica | Hayek in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 70. 1901. 701 1901 | — | wfo-0000044809 | |
Centaurea bicolor | Linnaea 24: 428 (1851) | wfo-0000064532 | ||
Centaurea boissieri subsp. rouyi | Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17(1): 92 (1988) | wfo-0000097478 | ||
Centaurea bracteata | Delic. Fl. Faun. Insubr. 2: 17 (1787) | wfo-0000065233 | ||
Centaurea bulgarica | Magyar Bot. Lapok vi. 166 (1907). | wfo-0000019347 | ||
Centaurea cadevallii | Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 6: 77. 1906 [May 1906] , nomen | — | wfo-0000004805 | |
Centaurea cadevallii | – | — | wfo-0000133992 | |
Centaurea caerulescens | Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 3: 2319 (1803) | wfo-0000017858 | ||
Centaurea campylacme | Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 38(2): 459 (1921) | wfo-0000135359 | ||
Centaurea cappadocica | Prodr. 6: 595 (1838) | wfo-0000091444 | ||
Centaurea carbonellii | Sennen, Diagn. Nouv. Pl. Espagne & Maroc 1928-35 194. 1936 | wfo-0000043783 | ||
Centaurea carniolica | Fl. Austriac. 2: 517 (1831) | wfo-0000000383 | ||
Centaurea carpatica f. humilis | Analele Univ. Bucureşti, Biol. Veg. 22: 126, without latin descr. or type. 1973 | wfo-0001322851 | ||
Centaurea ceratophylla subsp. ceratophylla | – | – | — | wfo-0001443362 |
Centaurea cetia | in Javorka, Magyar Fl. 1169. 1925 , in clavi | wfo-0000004606 | ||
Centaurea chaixiana | Fl. France 9: 168 (1905) | wfo-0000010658 | ||
Centaurea cheiranthifolia subsp. purpurascens | – | — | wfo-0000069346 | |
Centaurea chlorosperma | Essai Pl. Dauphiné : 39 (1872) | wfo-0000040980 | ||
Centaurea chorionensis | Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève 1931-2, Ser. II. xxiv. 221. ( | wfo-0000044827 | ||
Centaurea cirrata | Fl. Germ. Excurs. : 214 | wfo-0000083722 | ||
Centaurea concolor | Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1923, n. s. xxx. 202 | wfo-0000072782 | ||
Centaurea concolor | A. W. Hill. 1929. 44 1929 | — | wfo-0000075374 | |
Centaurea conglomerata | Beitr. Pfl. Russl. 5: 44. | wfo-0000043920 | ||
Centaurea conuti | Hort. t. 146. | wfo-0000037192 | ||
Centaurea corsica | Dec. Pl. Nov. 1: 27 (1875) | wfo-0000003822 | ||
Centaurea crnogorica | Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 33 (1921) | wfo-0000066126 | ||
Centaurea cycladum | Herb. Graec. Norm. no. 1652. 1902 | wfo-0000089265 | ||
Centaurea cyrtolepis | Fl. Ross. 2(2,6): 709 (1845) | wfo-0000000393 | ||
Centaurea dacica | Bul. Inform. Grad. & Muz. Bot. Univ. Cluj 1: 23. 1921 | wfo-0000066508 | ||
Centaurea davidovii | Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. xiii. 58 (1907) | wfo-0000041956 | ||
Centaurea deinacantha | Fl. Orient. 3: 665 (1875) | wfo-0000028792 | ||
Centaurea dimitriewae | Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 21: 59 (1959) | wfo-0000128196 | ||
Centaurea dinsmoreana | Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins , n.s., xxx. 77 (1913). | wfo-0000078030 | ||
Centaurea divergens | Fl. Dalmat. ii. 37. t. 12 b. (1847) | wfo-0000043572 | ||
Centaurea dracunculifolia | Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 23: 157 (1831) | wfo-0000077195 | ||
Centaurea dubia | Fl. Helv. ii. 202 | wfo-0000061779 | ||
Centaurea duffortii | Bull. Soc. Franc. Echange Pl. Vasc. Fasc. 3(1): 34. 1950 | wfo-0000063905 | ||
Centaurea dutosensis | Consp. Fl. Eur. 2: 429 (1879) | wfo-0000080851 | ||
Centaurea fastigiata | Gugler in Magyar Bot. Lapok 5. 1906. 201 1906 | — | wfo-0000127410 | |
Centaurea faurei | Cat. Fl. Rif Orient. 64, hybr.?, non C. x faurei M (1933) | wfo-0000037828 | ||
Centaurea finitima | Trudy Bot. Sada Imp. Yur'evsk. Univ. 13: 24 (1912) | wfo-0000079330 | ||
Centaurea fleischeri | Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 70: 717 (1901) | wfo-0000055362 | ||
Centaurea floccosa | Syll. Fl. Croat. 45. 1845 | wfo-0000032028 | ||
Centaurea fraatii | Asie Min., Bot. 2: 323 (1860) | wfo-0000028142 | ||
Centaurea freynii | Bull. Herb. Boissier iii. (1892) 472. | wfo-0001042016 | ||
Centaurea gienensis | Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. , sér. 3, 17(209): 50 (1907) | wfo-0000128297 | ||
Centaurea gjurasinii | Glasn. Hrvatsk. Prirod. Drustva, Zagreb. 1937-8, xlix-l. 26. 1938 | wfo-0000075223 | ||
Centaurea gmelinii | Nomencl. Bot. 1: 320 (1840) | wfo-0000042421 | ||
Centaurea gradata | Ned. Kruidk. Arch. liv. 98 (1947) | wfo-0000093124 | ||
Centaurea grisebachii subsp. paucijuga | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 198 (1976) | wfo-0000007750 | ||
Centaurea gros-miquelii | Cavanillesia vii. 82 (1935). | wfo-0000120750 | ||
Centaurea hispida | Prodr. 6: 589 (1838) | wfo-0000002624 | ||
Centaurea hoffmanniana | in Aschers. & Graebn., Fl. Nordostdeut. Flachl. 752. | wfo-0000059113 | ||
Centaurea hoffmanseggiana | Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 29: 150. | wfo-0000121257 | ||
Centaurea hungarica | Centaur. Ungar. 231 (1907) | wfo-0000077421 | ||
Centaurea hyrcana | Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada , ser. 2, 1: 42 (1920) | wfo-0000024760 | ||
Centaurea iconica | Bauhinia iii. 317 (1967). | wfo-0000039197 | ||
Centaurea iljiniana | Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 307 (1957) | wfo-0000093347 | ||
Centaurea indurata | Flora 41: 444 (1858) | wfo-0000075408 | ||
Centaurea jacobaeifolia | Syst. Veg. 3: 404 (1826) | wfo-0000023037 | ||
Centaurea javornikiensis | Oesterr. Bot. Z. 37: 153; et in Kvetena 2: 578 (1887) | wfo-0000043381 | ||
Centaurea jungens | Centaur. Ungar. 46 (1907) | wfo-0000068328 | ||
Centaurea karloviensis | Centaur. Ungar. 115 (1907) | wfo-0000130582 | ||
Centaurea kartschiana f. troglodytes | Acta Bot. Croat. 30: 136 (1971) (1971) | wfo-0000010345 | ||
Centaurea koenigii | Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada xlix. 38 (1920) | wfo-0000030174 | ||
Centaurea korshinskyi | Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 354 (1932). (1931 publ. 1932) | wfo-0000079766 | ||
Centaurea krassoensis | Magyar Bot. Lapok vi. 111 (1907). | wfo-0000029125 | ||
Centaurea lapsanifolia | Bull. Herb. Boissier iii. (1895) 473. | wfo-0000082140 | ||
Centaurea lasiorhiza | Prodr. 6: 600 (1838) | wfo-0000068380 | ||
Centaurea latisquama subsp. salonitana | Consp. Fl. Eur. 2: 429 (1879) | wfo-0000085608 | ||
Centaurea leptocephala | Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 110 (1849) | wfo-0000003187 | ||
Centaurea leptoloncha | Fl. France 9: 175, in adnot. (1905) | wfo-0000044061 | ||
Centaurea liliniea | Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 1904, 34. | wfo-0000066569 | ||
Centaurea longifolia var. ericeticola | Iter Marocc. n.° 704 (1932) (1932) | wfo-0000065046 | ||
Centaurea luisieri | Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 14: 104. 1916 | wfo-0000011782 | ||
Centaurea lyrophylla | Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2(5/6): 238 (1846) | wfo-0000011744 | ||
Centaurea macroptilon subsp. macroptilon | – | – | — | wfo-0000058442 |
Centaurea maialis | Cat. Fl. Rif Orient. : 65 (1933) | wfo-0000013321 | ||
Centaurea megarenss | Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 125 (1913) | wfo-0000123227 | ||
Centaurea menteyerica | Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 1: 365 (1786) | wfo-0000002846 | ||
Centaurea moschus | in S. G. Gmel. It. 4: 176. | wfo-0000043863 | ||
Centaurea myriostoma | Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. xii. (1864) 470. | wfo-0000032046 | ||
Centaurea napulifera subsp. orbelica | Opred. Vissh. Rast. Bulg. : 785 (1992) | wfo-0000107443 | ||
Centaurea napulifera subsp. pseudoaxillaris | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 209 (1976) | wfo-0000100801 | ||
Centaurea nicaeensis subsp. nicaeensis | – | — | wfo-0000071374 | |
Centaurea nigdensis | Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 402 (1960) | wfo-0000096721 | ||
Centaurea nigra subsp. pratensis | Feddes Repert. 90(9-10): 629 (1980) | wfo-0000102783 | ||
Centaurea nikitensis | Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 304 (1957) | wfo-0000043074 | ||
Centaurea nissana f. orbelica | Fl. Srbije 7: 237. 1975 | wfo-0000009332 | ||
Centaurea nouletiana | Bull. Soc. Franc. Echange Pl. Vasc. Fasc. 3(1): 34. 1950 | wfo-0000131801 | ||
Centaurea osmanica | Conrath in Österr. Bot. Z. 37. 1887. 424 1887 | — | wfo-0000029818 | |
Centaurea ovina subsp. lavrenkoana | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 197 (1976) | wfo-0000098249 | ||
Centaurea pallidior | Bull. Herb. Boissier vi. 594. | wfo-0000012643 | ||
Centaurea paniculata subsp. ligustica | Parlatorea 6: 73 (2003) (2003) | wfo-0000108189 | ||
Centaurea parolinii | Prodr. 6: 592 (1838) | wfo-0000120316 | ||
Centaurea paucifuga | Bull. Herb. Boissier vi. 595. | wfo-0000022502 | ||
Centaurea pedemontana | Pugill. Pl. Nov. 110. 1852 | wfo-0000009141 | ||
Centaurea penicillata | Fl. Aeg. Illustr. 74. | wfo-0000098440 | ||
Centaurea pestelottii | – | — | wfo-0000094460 | |
Centaurea petteri | Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 15: 36, t. 783 (1852-1853) | wfo-0000090978 | ||
Centaurea phaeopappa | Linnaea 19: 326 (1846) | wfo-0000017861 | ||
Centaurea pindicola | 1841 | — | wfo-0000081433 | |
Centaurea plumosa | Oesterr. Bot. Z. 22: 44 (1872) | wfo-0000132016 | ||
Centaurea poikilolepis | Oesterr. Bot. Z. 97: 256 (1950) | wfo-0000114945 | ||
Centaurea popovici-hatzegi | Magyar Bot. Lapok xi. 267, hybr. (1912) | wfo-0000079924 | ||
Centaurea preauxiana | Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries 3(2; 2): 350 (1846) | wfo-0000010557 | ||
Centaurea psammogena | Magyar Bot. Lapok 1909, viii 61, hybr. | wfo-0000061399 | ||
Centaurea pseudocrupina | Rev. Bot. Recueil Mens. 1: 400. 1846 | wfo-0000136452 | ||
Centaurea pseudosolstitialis | Not. pl. nouv. ou peu conn. reg. Medit. -. 1895 ; ex Bull Soc. Bot. Fr. xlii.(1895) 376. | wfo-0000122874 | ||
Centaurea pterocaulos | Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. : 29 (1874) | wfo-0000080424 | ||
Centaurea purpureiradiata | Bauhinia iii. 317 (1967). | wfo-0000027333 | ||
Centaurea pyracantha var. syriaca | – | — | wfo-0000108900 | |
Centaurea queyrasensis | Bull. Soc. Franc. Echange Pl. Vasc. Fasc. 2(1): 43. 1949 , graft hybrid. | wfo-0000016973 | ||
Centaurea raddeana | Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada ii. (1873) 475. | wfo-0000004965 | ||
Centaurea razgradensis | Abh. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. vii. Folge, i. n. 8, 25, et F (1886) | wfo-0000043165 | ||
Centaurea recurvata | Linnaea 24: 428 (1851) | wfo-0000037277 | ||
Centaurea rhutenica | Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 70 (1817) | wfo-0000006572 | ||
Centaurea rigens | Gen. Sp. Pl. : 32 (1816) | wfo-0000015094 | ||
Centaurea rocheliana | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 206 (1976) | wfo-0000024379 | ||
Centaurea romana | Sp. Pl. : 916 (1753) | wfo-0000131261 | ||
Centaurea sadleriana | Termesz. Fuzetek 2: 142. 1878 | wfo-0000076377 | ||
Centaurea salonitana subsp. ognianoffii | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 195 (1976) | wfo-0000064075 | ||
Centaurea scariosa | Fl. France 9: 114 (1905) | wfo-0000044152 | ||
Centaurea scleroblephara | Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2: 1: 271 (1901) | wfo-0000059652 | ||
Centaurea scopulicola | Ned. Kruidk. Arch. liv. 77 (1947) | wfo-0000061282 | ||
Centaurea segobricensis | Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 22: 118. 1926 , hybr. | wfo-0000124032 | ||
Centaurea serehrowskyi | Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada , n.s., 2: 92 (1926) (1924-1925 publ. 1926) | wfo-0000010149 | ||
Centaurea seresiensis | Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 69(4): 525 (1939) | wfo-0000127144 | ||
Centaurea sessilifolia | Veg. Syst. iv. 32 | wfo-0000131715 | ||
Centaurea setabensis | J. Bot. (Morot) 13: 332 (1899) | wfo-0000030404 | ||
Centaurea shepardii | Dinsm. Pl. Post. & Dinsm. Fasc. 1: 7. 1932 ; Dinsm. in Fedde, Repert. xxxiii.107 (1933) | wfo-0000046451 | ||
Centaurea sisymbriifolia | Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. , sér. 2, 30: 210 (1958) | wfo-0000009524 | ||
Centaurea spinulosa | Syst. Veg. 3: 403 (1826) | wfo-0000124578 | ||
Centaurea spinulosa | 1828 | — | wfo-0000061657 | |
Centaurea spinulosa subsp. adpressa | Boll. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Verona 18: 344 (1994) | wfo-0001360129 | ||
Centaurea spinulosa subsp. apiculata | Boll. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Verona 18: 344 (1994) | wfo-0001360725 | ||
Centaurea squarrosa var. auriculata | Dokl. Akad. Nauk Armyanskoi S.S.R. 5(2): 50 (1946) | wfo-0001384297 | ||
Centaurea squarrosa var. brevispina | Dokl. Akad. Nauk Armyanskoi S.S.R. 5(2): 50 (1946) | wfo-0001384295 | ||
Centaurea squarrosa var. paleacea | Dokl. Akad. Nauk Armyanskoi S.S.R. 5(2): 50 (1946) | wfo-0001384298 | ||
Centaurea squarrosa var. pilosiuscula | Dokl. Akad. Nauk Armyanskoi S.S.R. 5(2): 50 (1946) | wfo-0001384296 | ||
Centaurea stenolepis | Oesterr. Bot. Z. 22: 45 (1872) | wfo-0000126888 | ||
Centaurea stenolepis subsp. joannis | Borbásia 5-6: 92 (-93) (1946) | wfo-0000064419 | ||
Centaurea stribrnyi | Fl. Bulg. (1891) 325 | wfo-0000042286 | ||
Centaurea subacaulis | Fl. Ross. 2(2,6): 709 (1845) | wfo-0000046383 | ||
Centaurea subcordata | Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 237 (1892) | wfo-0000059656 | ||
Centaurea subdecurrens | Actas Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 27: 198 (1898) | wfo-0000059122 | ||
Centaurea subdecurrens subsp. oblanceolata | Flora Montiber. 44: 67 (-68; fig. 1) (2010) | wfo-0001361694 | ||
Centaurea subdecurrens var. segobricensis | Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 18: 94 (1990) | wfo-0000105220 | ||
Centaurea subdepressa | Spis. Bulg. Akad. Nauk. 44: 183 (-184; plate 11) (1931) | wfo-0000040697 | ||
Centaurea tempskyana | Bull. Herb. Boissier iii (1895) 471. | wfo-0000133376 | ||
Centaurea thomasiana | Anleit. Beob. Alpenpfl. : 141 (1882) | wfo-0000016703 | ||
Centaurea trojana | Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 101 (1923) | wfo-0000068237 | ||
Centaurea tuba | Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada xii. (1892) 156. | wfo-0000039968 | ||
Centaurea uniflora subsp. ali-beyana | – | — | wfo-0000104491 | |
Centaurea uniflora subsp. davidovii | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 208 (1976) | wfo-0000100717 | ||
Centaurea vertesensis | Bot. Közlem. 37: 40 (1940) | wfo-0000091659 | ||
Centaurea viciosoi | Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. v. 234 (1906). | wfo-0000121597 | ||
Centaurea vinyalsii subsp. approximata | Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 206 (1976) | wfo-0000112001 | ||
Centaurea vochinensis | Fl. Germ. Excurs. 214 (1831). (1831) | wfo-0000076876 | ||
Centaurea vulgaris var. microptilon | Fl. Lorraine 2: 54 (1843) | wfo-0001383723 | ||
Centaurea zanonii | Fl. Roman. Prodr. : 298 | wfo-0000028359 | ||
Centaurea zederbaueri | Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. xx. 425 (1905). | wfo-0000083143 |